Islam is a uniformitarian religion. It recognises no distinctions of race, colour, ethnicity, or geography--theoretically. In his final visit to Mecca, Muhammad uttered his "closing" address:
O people, your Lord is one and your ancestor is [also] one. You are descended from Adam and Adam was [born] of the earth. The noblest of you all in the sight of Allah is the most devout. Allah is all knowing and all wise. [Koran, Sura 49, 13]Theoretically this made all human beings equal; it also made the community of Islam--the umma--borderless and universal. The promise of Islam to remake the world via the universal umma could be expressed as follows:
At a stroke the past was wiped clean. One's ethnic origin and traditional ties and relationships counted for nothing, only one's faith and piety. The umma was not merely a novel form of socio-political communal organisation. It was a divinely ordained brotherhood, bound together by something far stronger than blood and far wider than the Arabian Peninsula: the great equalizer between Arabs and non-Arabs, free men and freed men. [Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), p.19.]This was a radical notion. It was Muhammad's version of the Lord's Great Commission. But, it had a critical difference: in the mind of Muhammad there was no distinction between temporal and religious authority or rule. They were one and the same.